Felipe II. Valladolid (21st May 1527) - El Escorial (13th September 1598). He died at the age of 71.
*King of Spain and Las Indias (from January 1556 to his death).
*King of Naples (from 1554) which he needed to marry Mary I Tudor as she had to marry someone her level (another monarch).
*King of Portugal (from 1580) as Felipe I.
*King consort of England and Ireland (With Mary Tudor) (from 1554 to 1558)
*Duke of Milan (from 1540)
*King of the Low Countries (from 1555 by Carlos V´s abdication)
*King of Sicily (from 1556)
*Count of Borgoña (from 1556)
*Nickname: "The prudent", "the cautious".
HIS CATHOLIC MAJESTY.
Pimentel Palace. Valladolid. Where he was born on 21st May 1527)
His parents: Carlos I,V and Isabel of Portugal.
HIS WIVES:
1
María Manuela of Portugal (When Felipe was still the Prince of Asturias) from 1543 until her death in 1545. She was the Princess consort of Asturias and Duchess of Milan.
THEIR SON:
Carlos of Austria (1545_1568)
2
Mary I of England (Mary Tudor) From 1554 until her death in 1558. She was Felipe´s aunt. They had no successors.
3
Isabel of Valois. From 1559 until her death in 1568.
THEIR DAUGHTERS
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Isabel Clara Eugenia of Austria. (1566-1633) Infant of Spain, Archduchess of Austria, Sovereign of the Low Countries and Borgoña.
Catalina Micaela of Austria. (1567-1597) Infant of Spain, Duchess of Savoy.
Isabel Clara Eugenia and Catalina Micaela.
4
Ana of Austria. From 1570 to her death in 1580. She was Felipe´s niece.
THEIR CHILDREN
Fernando of Austria. (1571-1578). Prince of Asturias.
Carlos Lorenzo of Austria. (1573-1575)
Diego Félix of Austria. (1575-1582) Prince of Asturias.
Felipe of Austria. Felipe III. (1578-1621) King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Cerdeña. Duke of Milan. Nickanme: "The pious", "the merciful".
María of Austria. (1580-1583)
PRECEPTORS:
Juan Martínez Guijarro or Juan Martínez "Silíceo". Cardenal Silíceo. Archbishop of Toledo. (1477-1557)
Juan de Zúñiga Avellaneda (1488-1546).
HIS CHAMBER PAINTER
Alonso Sánchez Coello. (1531-1588)
HIS EMPIRE:
His Empire in Europe and the rest of the world.
Kings of Spain: Felipe II (Spanish documentary)
MAIN ISSUES
1. Dynastic issue. His oldest son Carlos of Austria (1545-1568) died and left the Spanish crown without any male successor.
2. Alpujarras rebellion or Moriscos rebellion. (1568-1571)
Rebellion venues.
Main military leaders:
Juan of Austria (1545-1578). Felipe´s step brother. Carlos V and Barbara Blomberg´s son.
3. Antonio Perez´s issue and Aragón Rebellion. (1590-1591)
Antonio Pérez (1540-1615). Felipe´s secretary from 1553 (before he became the King) until 1578. His influence of the King was strong.
*There were tensions between the King and his step brother (Juan of Austria, on duty in the Low Countries) and Pérez put a man in the Low Countries to control Juan of Austria´s policy. This man was Juan Escobedo. Antonio Pérez wanted a negotiated solution with the Flemish rebells and he supported them in secret.
*Juan Escobedo changed his view about Juan of Austria and supported him.
*Antonio Pérez feared that his plans against the King would be discovered by Juan Escobedo when Juan visited the King in Madrid. So Antonio accused Juan Escobedo of organizing a plot with Juan of Austria against His Majesty.
*Juan Escobedo´s death was decided and he was murdered in Madrid on March 23rd 1578.
*Pérez´s enemies showed the King that everything had been planned by Antonio Pérez and he was arrested on 28th July 1579 accused of corruption. He was jailed for two years and the exiled for ten.
*At the same time the process for Escobedo´s murder began.
*In 1590 Antonio Pérez escaped to Aragón (his mother was from there) and looked for protection in Aragón´s law which was more independent from the King than that of Castilla.
*He was taken to Tribunal of Inquisition as its functions applied in all the territories. This produced Aragón rebellion in 1590.
*Antonio Pérez fled to France and he took part in some plans by England to weaken the Spanish Crown and attack Spain.
* He published letters and documents to extend negative views against the King.
*He died in Paris in 1615.
Juan Escobedo. (1530-1578) Juan of Austria´s secretary and Economy Secretary.
4. Madrid was chosen as the Court´s venue. Capital city of the Kingdom. 1561.
Madrid in 1561.
*Real Edicto de Regalía de Aposento. It was decided by the King as Madrid didn´t have as many inns and accommodation as the former capital Toledo. This law made Madrid´s citizens living in more than one-floor house lend their top floor to people who might needed when moving into Madrid. Lots of people arrived in Madrid. No compensation was given to the houses´ owners. So lots of new houses were built looking like one-story-house but they had more than one floor inside. These houses were called "casas a la malicia".
5. Creation of the "Spanish road" (El Camino Español). (1567) It was land route to transport money and troops from the south (Italian territories) to the north (Low Countries).
"The Spanish road".
6. Strict control of the trade routes with America. Sevilla had the monopoly of the trade and then it was given to Cádiz. Important income for the Crown.
7. System of messengers throughout his territories. They took three days to carry messages inside the Peninsula and about eight days to reach the Low Countries.
8. Consejo de Estado (1520). He continued his father´s system of Councils. His territories were divided in Consejos (Councils/Realms): Consejo de Castilla, de Indias, de Aragón, de Italia, de Flandes, de Portugal.
Consejo de Castilla Consejo de Aragón Consejo de Portugal Consejo de Italia Consejo de Indias Consejo de Flandes covering the territories disputed with the United Provinces.
9. Division of the army in "Tercios". Some of their leaders were: Fernando Álvarez de Toledo (Duke of Alba), Juan of Austria, Sancho Dávila etc...
Borgoña Cross.
Holy League Tercios.
Various Tercios flags.
10. War against France. (1557)
*France was surrounded by the Spanish Empire´s territories. France supported the Flemish rebells. *The war started. There were two important battles:
1. St Quintin battle (10th August 1557, day of St. Lawrence/San Lorenzo). To commemorate this he commanded the construction of El Escorial Monastery.
2. Battle of Gravelinas.
11. His love.
Isabel de Osorio.
She served as lady-in-waiting for Isabel of Portugal, Felipe´s mother. She was Felipe´s lover. Apparently they had two illegitimate sons.
12. Tiziano´s paintings.
"Danae receiving the rain of gold".
"Venus and Adonis".
Both paintings apparently show Isabel de Osorio´s face for the Monarch to feel close to her. Felipe II commanded these pictures showing a physical resemblance with Isabel.
In the latter, we can see Isabel de Osorio (Venus) and the King himself (Adonis).
12. Battle of Lepanto. ("The greatest occasion centuries ever witnessed")
October 7, 1571. A naval battle in the waters off southwestern Greece between the allied Christian forces of the Holy League (The Pope Pious V, Spain, Venice and Malta) and the Ottoman Turks during an Ottoman campaign to acquire Venice and Cyprus. The battle marked the first significant victory for a Christian naval force over a Turkish fleet and the climax of the age of galley warfare in the Mediterranean.
Christian leaders: Don Juan de Austria, Luis de Requesens, Álvaro de Bazán, Alejandro Farnesio, Juan Andrea Doria (Spain). Sebastián Veniero (Venice), Marco Antonio Colonna (Papal States).
Ottoman leader: Selim II (Sultan) and Alí Bajá.
"The greatest occasion centuries ever witnessed".
13. England and the Spanish Armada.
14. HIS MAJESTY IS DEATH (13TH SEPTEMBER 1598)
